Punching performance, physiological responses and lower-limb neuromuscular characteristics in boxing A systematic review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Boxing is a high-intensity intermittent sport in which performance depends on the ability to produce effective punches and sustain their intensity during repeated efforts. Punching performance, physiological responses, and lower-limb neuromuscular characteristics are key factors in understanding boxing-specific performance; however, current evidence remains fragmented. Objective: To systematically analyse the literature on punching performance, physiological responses, and lower-limb neuromuscular characteristics in boxing, and to examine the relationships between these variables. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was structured according to the PICOS model. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2010 and January 2026. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 46 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Results: A high methodological heterogeneity was observed across study designs, samples, protocols, measurement tools, and outcomes. Punching performance was the most investigated domain, while physiological responses mainly included heart rate, oxygen uptake, blood lactate, and perceived exertion. Lower-limb neuromuscular characteristics were less explored, and no study directly assessed muscle–tendon stiffness. Conclusions: Current evidence remains fragmented and future studies should adopt integrated approaches to improve performance assessment and training prescription in boxing.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by Journal of Human Sport and Exercise (JHSE). Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
References
Arseneau, E., Mekary, S., & Léger, L. A. (2011). VO₂ requirements of boxing exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ef64cb DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ef64cb
Brazier, J., Maloney, S., Bishop, C., Read, P. J., & Turner, A. N. (2019). Lower extremity stiffness: Considerations for testing, performance enhancement, and injury risk. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(4), 1156–1166. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002283
Brown, L., Doyle, G., Hastings, K., Thornton-White, C., & Galbraith, A. (2022). Profiling the physiological parameters of boxers in the parachute regiment. International Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v2i1.157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v2i1.157
Bu, X. (2022). Experimental study on the effect of speed strength training on the special strikes of Chinese female boxers. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022, 5912231. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5912231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5912231
Ceruso, R., Esposito, G., & D’Elia, F. (2019). Analysis and evaluation of the qualitative aspects of the young players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(5), 1814–1819.
Ceruso, R., Esposito, G., Aliberti, S., D’Isanto, T., & D’Elia, F. (2026). Training decision-making in youth football: A comparative study of traditional, ecological dynamics approach, and hybrid eSport-based protocol. Applied Sciences, 16(5), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052407
Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, S., Chaabène, R. B., & Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: Physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine, 45(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0274-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0274-7
Chottidao, M., Kuo, C. H., Tsai, S. C., Hwang, I. S., Lin, J. J., & Tsai, Y. S. (2022). A comparison of plyometric and jump rope training programs for improving punching performance in junior amateur boxers. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 878527. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.878527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.878527
Chwała, W., Wąsacz, W., Rydzik, Ł., Mirek, W., Snopkowski, P., Pałka, T., & Ambroży, T. (2023). Special boxing fitness test: Validation procedure. Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports, 19, 41–50.
Cui, W., Chen, Y., & Wang, D. (2024a). The effect of optimal load training on punching ability in elite female boxers. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1455506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1455506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1455506
Cui, W., Chen, Y., & Wang, D. (2024b). Research on the effect of post-activation potentiation under different velocity loss thresholds on boxers’ punching ability. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1429550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1429550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1429550
Cunniffe, B., Ellison, M., Loosemore, M., & Cardinale, M. (2017). Warm-up practices in elite boxing athletes: Impact on power output. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001484
de Lira, C. A., Peixinho-Pena, L. F., Vancini, R. L., de Freitas Guina Fachina, R. J., de Almeida, A. A., Andrade, M. S., & da Silva, A. C. (2013). Heart rate response during a simulated Olympic boxing match is predominantly above ventilatory threshold 2: A cross-sectional study. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 175–182. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S44807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S44807
de Oliveira, L. H., Sant’Ana, J., Freccia, G. W., Coswig, V. S., & Diefenthaeler, F. (2024). Validity of a mobile-based specific test to estimate metabolic thresholds in boxers. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 238(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221084563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221084563
Di Lascio, G., Giardullo, G., Mazza, F., Esposito, G., Manzi, V., & Raiola, G. (2026). Influence of ankle joint mobility on stretch-shortening cycle contribution in vertical jump performance. Applied Sciences, 16(8), 3668. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083668
D’Isanto, T., Di Domenico, F., Sannicandro, I., & D’Elia, F. (2022). Improvement of qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sports performance of young players through high intensity interval training. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.1.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.1.10
D’Isanto, T., Di Domenico, F., D’Elia, F., Aliberti, S., & Esposito, G. (2021). The effectiveness of constraints-led training on skill development in football. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1344–1351. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090630
Dunn, E. C., Humberstone, C. E., Franchini, E., Iredale, K. F., & Blazevich, A. J. (2022). Relationships between punch impact force and upper- and lower-body muscular strength and power in highly trained amateur boxers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(4), 1019–1025. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003585
El-Ashker, S., Chaabène, H., Negra, Y., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2018). Cardiorespiratory endurance responses following a simulated 3 × 3 minutes amateur boxing contest in elite level boxers. Sports, 6(4), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040119
Finlay, M. (2025). A four-week contrast training programme enhances punch performance and physical qualities in senior elite amateur boxers: A physical preparation case study for an international tournament. International Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v5i1.426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v5i1.426
Finlay, M. J., Bridge, C. A., Greig, M., & Page, R. M. (2022). Postactivation performance enhancement of amateur boxers’ punch force and neuromuscular performance following 2 upper-body conditioning activities. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(11), 1621–1633. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0159
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., Bridge, C. A., & Page, R. M. (2024). Post-activation performance enhancement of punch force and neuromuscular performance in amateur boxing: Toward a more individualized and real-world approach. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 38(6), 1063–1071. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004740
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., McCarthy, J., & Page, R. M. (2020). Physical response to pad- and bag-based boxing-specific training modalities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(4), 1052–1061. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002928
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., & Page, R. M. (2018). Quantifying the physical response to a contemporary amateur boxing simulation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001926
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., Page, R. M., & Bridge, C. A. (2023). Acute physiological, endocrine, biochemical and performance responses associated with amateur boxing: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(5), 774–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2063072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2063072
Franchini, E. (2020). High-intensity interval training prescription for combat-sport athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(6), 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0289
Giardullo, G., Ceruso, R., Di Lascio, G., Taleb, M., Esposito, G., & D'Elia, F. (2026). Comparison of traditional and ecological dynamical training approaches in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: effects on Force Development, reactivity, and distress perception. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, 1794709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1794709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1794709
Ghosh, A. K. (2010). Heart rate, oxygen consumption and blood lactate responses during specific training in amateur boxing. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2010.22.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2010.22.1.1
Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Carter, J., Leiva, E., Valdés-Badilla, P., Ojeda-Aravena, A., & Franchini, E. (2021). Effect of a short HIIT program with specific techniques on physical condition and activity during simulated combat in national-level boxers. Sustainability, 13(16), 8746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168746
Hukkanen, E., & Häkkinen, K. (2017). Effects of sparring load on reaction speed and punch force during the precompetition and competition periods in boxing. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1563–1568. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001885
Jin, R., Huang, M., Yi, W., Finlay, M. J., & Chen, C. (2025). The acute effects of boxing-specific dumbbell activity on punch performance in male amateur boxers. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1607933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1607933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1607933
Kacprzak, J., Mosler, D., Tsos, A., & Wasik, J. (2025). Biomechanics of punching-The impact of effective mass and force transfer on strike performance. Appl. Sci., 15(7), 4008. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074008
Kamandulis, S., Bruzas, V., Mockus, P., Stasiulis, A., Snieckus, A., & Venckunas, T. (2018). Sport-specific repeated sprint training improves punching ability and upper-body aerobic power in experienced amateur boxers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(5), 1214–1221. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002056
Kim, K. J., Lee, S. B., & Park, S. (2018). Effects of boxing-specific training on physical fitness and punch power in Korean national boxers. Exerc. Sci., 27(4), 296-302. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2018.27.4.296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2018.27.4.296
Lenetsky, S., Brughelli, M., Nates, R. J., Cross, M. R., & Lormier, A. V. (2018). Variability and reliability of punching impact kinetics in untrained participants and experienced boxers. J. Strength Cond. Res., 32(7), 1838-1842. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002352
Lenetsky, S., Harris, N. K., & Brughelli, M. (2013). Assessment and contributors of punching forces in combat sports athletes: Implications for strength and conditioning. Strength Cond. J., 35(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31828b6c12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31828b6c12
Lenetsky, S., Nates, R. J., Brughelli, M., & Harris, N. K. (2015). Is effective mass in combat sports punching above its weight? Hum. Mov. Sci., 40, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.11.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.11.016
Liu, Y., Huang, Z., Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., & Chen, C. (2024). Effects of variable resistance training within complex training on strength and punch performance in elite amateur boxers. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1472258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1472258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1472258
Liu, Y., Jin, R., & Chen, C. (2025). Post-activation potentiation's impact on specialized strike strength in elite male boxers: An acute study. Sensors, 25(20), 6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206356
Liu, Y., Zhu, Z., Chen, X., Deng, C., Ma, X., & Zhao, B. (2022). Biomechanics of the lead straight punch of different level boxers. Front. Physiol., 13, 1015154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1015154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1015154
Loturco, I., Nakamura, F. Y., Artioli, G. G., Kobal, R., Kitamura, K., Cal Abad, C. C., Cruz, I. F., Romano, F., Pereira, L. A., & Franchini, E. (2016). Strength and power qualities are highly associated with punching impact in elite amateur boxers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001075
Loturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Kobal, R., Fernandes, V., Reis, V. P., Romano, F., Alves, M., Freitas, T. T., & McGuigan, M. (2021). Transference effect of short-term optimum power load training on the punching impact of elite boxers. J. Strength Cond. Res., 35(9), 2373-2378. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003165
Maciel, A. R., Lambertucci, R. H., Barbosa, F. M., & Guerra, R. L. F. (2023). Proposal and reproducibil-ity of a specific test for amateur boxing. J. Martial Arts Anthropol., 23(4), 8-15.
Merlo, R., Rodríguez-Chávez, Á., Gómez-Castañeda, P. E., Rojas-Jaramillo, A., Petro, J. L., Kreider, R. B., & Bonilla, D. A. (2023). Profiling the physical performance of young boxers with unsuper-vised machine learning: A cross-sectional study. Sports, 11(7), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11070131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11070131
Mosler, D., Kacprzak, J., & Wąsik, J. (2024a). Higher values of force and acceleration in rear cross than lead jab: Differences in technique execution by boxers. Appl. Sci., 14(7), 2830. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072830
Mosler, D., Kacprzak, J., & Wąsik, J. (2024b). The influence of effective mass on the striking force of lead jab and rear cross punches of boxers. Appl. Sci., 14(17), 7785. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177785
Niu, Z., Huang, Z., Zhao, G., & Chen, C. (2024). Impact of three weeks of integrative neuromuscular training on the athletic performance of elite female boxers. PeerJ, 12, e18311. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18311
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrób-jartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pinto, M., Crisóstomo, J., Kirk, C., Abián-Vicén, J., & Monteiro, L. (2025). Influence of anthropometric characteristics and muscle performance on punch impact. Sports, 13(8), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080281
Raiola, G., Esposito, G., Aliberti, S., & D'Elia, F. (2025). Effects on performance, perception, and awareness of plyometric training in youth volleyball: a novel methodological approach to training. Applied Sciences, 15(3), 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031581
Sánchez-Ramírez, C., Cid-Calfucura, I., Hernández-Martínez, J., Cancino-López, J., Aedo-Muñoz, E., Valdés-Badilla, P., Franchini, E., García-García, J. M., Calvo-Rico, B., Abián-Vicén, J., & Herrera-Valenzuela, T. (2025). Submaximal accentuated eccentric jump training improves punching performance and countermovement jump force-time variables in amateur boxers. Appl. Sci., 15(14), 7873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147873
Singh, S., Deori, L. A., Chetry, P., Manamkandath, M. P., Astuti, Y., Saha, S., & Khati, A. (2025). The effectiveness of varying plyometric training intensities in improving punching force and muscular fitness in adolescent boxers. Phys. Educ. Theory Methodol., 25(5), 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.5.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.5.19
Slimani, M., Chaabène, H., Davis, P., Franchini, E., Cheour, F., & Chamari, K. (2017). Performance aspects and physiological responses in male amateur boxing competitions: A brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res., 31(4), 1132-1141. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001643
Söyler, M., Gürkan, A. C., Kayantaş, İ., Aydın, S., Karataş, B., Eraslan, M., Şahin, M., Küçük, H., Badau, A., & Badau, D. (2025). Investigation of the effects of different plyometric training protocols on punching force and muscle performance in male boxers. Appl. Sci., 15(12), 6532. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126532
Stanley, E., Thomson, E., Smith, G., & Lamb, K. L. (2018). An analysis of the three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics of maximal effort punches among amateur boxers. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport, 18(5), 835-854. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525651
Thomson, E. D., & Lamb, K. L. (2017a). Reproducibility of the internal load and performance-based responses to simulated amateur boxing. J. Strength Cond. Res., 31(12), 3396-3402. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001749
Thomson, E. D., & Lamb, K. L. (2017b). Quantification of the physical and physiological load of a boxing-specific simulation protocol. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport, 17(1-2), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304048
Usher, A., & Babraj, J. (2024). Use of NIRS to explore skeletal muscle oxygenation during different training sessions in professional boxing. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 124(2), 595-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05305-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05305-1
Venckunas, T., Bruzas, V., Snieckus, A., Stasiule, L., Kniubaite, A., Mickevicius, M., Kamandulis, S., & Stasiulis, A. (2024). Anaerobic performance profiling in elite amateur boxers. Sports, 12(9), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090231
Venckunas, T., Bruzas, V., Stasiulis, A., Snieckus, A., Mockus, P., & Kamandulis, S. (2022). Cardiorespiratory responses to specific and nonspecific exercise in high-profile amateur boxers. J. Strength Cond. Res., 36(3), 717-722. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003496
Wdowski, M. M., Rosicka, K., & Hill, M. (2023). Influence of lower-limb muscular and tendon mechanical properties and strength on countermovement jump performance. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 63(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.22.13567-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.22.13567-X
Wilson, D. C., Ruddock, A., Ranchordas, M. A., Thompson, S. W., & Rogerson, D. (2020). Physical profile of junior and senior amateur boxers. J. Phys. Educ. Sport, 20(6), 3452-3459.
Wu, G., Guo, Y., Zhang, L., & Chen, C. (2024). A physical fitness-evaluation system for outstanding Chinese male boxers. PeerJ, 12, e17271. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17271
Xu, Q., Fei, J., Mao, R., Liu, L., & Fei, C. (2025). Effects of BFR-RST on upper limb performance in boxers: A study based on physiological indices, anthropometric measurement indices, anaerobic power, and punching performance. Front. Physiol., 16, 1453153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1453153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1453153