Exceeding limits in sports engineering The bio-digital-material triad paradigm in the Asian sports performance revolution
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This review article explores the innovative breakthroughs of exceeding limits in sports engineering within the context of the Asian sports performance revolution, with a particular focus on advancements in bio-enhancement technologies, neural interfaces, quantum computing, metamaterial equipment, digital twins, predictive medicine, gut microbiota, geopolitical technology, disaster medicine, and civilization-level technological spillovers. By analysing empirical data across multiple dimensions, the article examines how these technologies converge and drive the evolution of sports science, creating a comprehensive logical chain from fundamental research to commercial application, thus providing new pathways for enhancing athlete performance. The significance of these advancements lies not only in their potential to revolutionize athletic training and competition but also in addressing existing challenges and limitations within the field. This review aims to elucidate the interconnections among these cutting-edge technologies and highlight their collective impact on future developments in sports performance.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by Journal of Human Sport and Exercise (JHSE). Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
References
Alam, M. M., & Ben Hamida, E. (2014). Surveying wearable human assistive technology for life and safety critical applications: Standards, challenges and opportunities. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 14(5), 9153-9209. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140509153
Asano, T., Teh, D. B. L., & Yawo, H. (2021). Application of Optogenetics for Muscle Cells and Stem Cells. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1293, 359-375.
Cazin, I., Ocepek, M., Kecelj, J., Stražar, A. S., & Schlögl, S. (2024). Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester Resins for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 17(8), 1890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081890
Dei Rossi, G., Vergani, L. M., & Buccino, F. (2024). A Novel Triad of Bio-Inspired Design, Digital Fabrication, and Bio-Derived Materials for Personalised Bone Repair. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 17(21), 5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215305
Golabchi, A., Riahi, N., Fix, M., Miller, L., Rouhani, H., & Tavakoli, M. (2023). A framework for evaluation and adoption of industrial exoskeletons. Applied Ergonomics, 113, 104103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104103
Gonzalez-Rosa, J. J., Natali, F., Tettamanti, A., Cursi, M., Velikova, S., Comi, G., Gatti, R., & Leocani, L. (2015). Action observation and motor imagery in performance of complex movements: Evidence from EEG and kinematics analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 281, 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.016
Hasumi, T., & Chiu, M.-S. (2022). Online mathematics education as bio-eco-techno process: Bibliometric analysis using co-authorship and bibliographic coupling. Scientometrics, 127(8), 4631-4654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04441-3
Heuberger, J. A. A. C., Posthuma, J. J., Ziagkos, D., Rotmans, J. I., Daniels, J. M. A., Gal, P., Stuurman, F. E., Spronk, H. M. H., Ten Cate, H., Burggraaf, J., Moerland, M., & Cohen, A. F. (2020). Additive effect of erythropoietin use on exercise-induced endothelial activation and hypercoagulability in athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(8), 1893-1904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04419-0
John, R., Dhillon, M. S., & Dhillon, S. (2020). Genetics and the Elite Athlete: Our Understanding in 2020. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 54(3), 256-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43465-020-00056-z
Klarmann, G. J., Gaston, J., & Ho, V. B. (2021). A review of strategies for development of tissue engineered meniscal implants. Biomaterials and Biosystems, 4, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100026
Krysa, J. A., Horlick, S., Pohar Manhas, K., Kovacs Burns, K., Buell, M., Santana, M. J., Russell, K., Papathanassoglou, E., & Ho, C. (2023). Accessing Care Services for Long COVID Sufferers in Alberta, Canada: A Random, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(15), 6457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156457
Li, N., Zhou, M., Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Duan, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, Z., Xia, X., Shen, J., Mao, C., & Wan, M. (2025). Artificial Mitochondrial Nanorobots Deliver Energy In Vivo by Oral Administration. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 37(24), e2500495. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202500495
Liu, Z., & Wang, X. (2023). Action recognition for sports combined training based on wearable sensor technology and SVM prediction. Preventive Medicine, 173, 107582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107582
Lomberk, G., Dusetti, N., Iovanna, J. et al. (2019). Emerging epigenomic landscapes of pancreatic cancer in the era of precision medicine. Nat Commun 10, 3875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11812-7
Miles, M. P. (2020). Probiotics and Gut Health in Athletes. Current Nutrition Reports, 9(3), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020-00316-2
Modanloo, B., Ghazvinian, A., Matini, M., & Andaroodi, E. (2021). Tilted Arch; Implementation of Additive Manufacturing and Bio-Welding of Mycelium-Based Composites. Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 6(4), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6040068
Regierer, B., Zazzu, V., Sudbrak, R., Kühn, A., & Lehrach, H. (2013). Future of medicine: Models in predictive diagnostics and personalized medicine. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 133, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2012_176
Ribeiro, A. P., & João, S. M. A. (2022). The Effect of Short and Long-Term Therapeutic Treatment with Insoles and Shoes on Pain, Function, and Plantar Load Parameters of Women with Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 58(11), 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111546
Richlan, F., Weiß, M., Kastner, P., & Braid, J. (2023). Virtual training, real effects: A narrative review on sports performance enhancement through interventions in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1240790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240790
Roseti, L., Cavallo, C., Desando, G., Parisi, V., Petretta, M., Bartolotti, I., & Grigolo, B. (2018). Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Cartilage by the Use of Stem Cells: A Strategy to Improve Regeneration. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 11(9), 1749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091749
Rotondi, C. (2023). How the informed relations between physical, digital and biological dimensions are changing the design practice, as well as the sustainability paradigm. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1193353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1193353
Rowald, A., Komi, S., Demesmaeker, R., Baaklini, E., Hernandez-Charpak, S. D., Paoles, E., Montanaro, H., Cassara, A., Becce, F., Lloyd, B., Newton, T., Ravier, J., Kinany, N., D'Ercole, M., Paley, A., Hankov, N., Varescon, C., McCracken, L., Vat, M., … Courtine, G. (2022). Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis. Nature Medicine, 28(2), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01663-5
Sarkar, A., Liu, N. Q., Magallanes, J., Tassey, J., Lee, S., Shkhyan, R., Lee, Y., Lu, J., Ouyang, Y., Tang, H., Bian, F., Tao, L., Segil, N., Ernst, J., Lyons, K., Horvath, S., & Evseenko, D. (2023). STAT3 promotes a youthful epigenetic state in articular chondrocytes. Aging Cell, 22(2), e13773. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13773
Sawicki, G. S., Beck, O. N., Kang, I., & Young, A. J. (2020). The exoskeleton expansion: Improving walking and running economy. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00663-9
Schwarz, I., Houck, D. A., Belk, J. W., Hop, J., Bravman, J. T., & McCarty, E. (2021). The Quality and Content of Internet-Based Information on Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Requires Improvement: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 3(5), e1547-e1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.05.007
Sharma, A., Lysenko, A., Jia, S., Boroevich, K. A., & Tsunoda, T. (2024). Advances in AI and machine learning for predictive medicine. Journal of Human Genetics, 69(10), 487-497. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-024-01231-y
Singh, D. K. A., Harithasan, D., Najib, A. M., Ishak, M. S., & Ramli, R. (2025). Perceptions of using exoskeleton technology among physiotherapists and stroke survivors in Malaysia: A mixed methods study. Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology, 20(4), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2024.2407918
Siviy, C., Baker, L. M., Quinlivan, B. T., Porciuncula, F., Swaminathan, K., Awad, L. N., & Walsh, C. J. (2023). Opportunities and challenges in the development of exoskeletons for locomotor assistance. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 7(4), 456-472. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00984-1
Soltani, A., Noroozi, R., Bodaghi, M., Zolfagharian, A., & Hedayati, R. (2020). 3D Printing On-Water Sports Boards with Bio-Inspired Core Designs. Polymers, 12(1), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010250
Thomsen, M. R. (2022). Computational design logics for bio-based design. Architectural Intelligence, 1(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44223-022-00015-8
Uttamchandani, S. R., & Phansopkar, P. (2024). Conservative Management of Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Review. Cureus, 16(5), e59875. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59875
Wang, C., Pei, Z., Fan, Y., Qiu, S., & Tang, Z. (2024). Review of Vision-Based Environmental Perception for Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Robots. Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 9(4), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040254
Wang, F., Zhao, J., Hu, X., Su, X., & Sun, F. (2024). Robust Treble-Weaving Wearable Textiles for Pressure and Temperature Monitoring in Harsh Environments. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 16(36), 48269-48279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c09471
Yan, G., Zhang, R., Chuo, W., Gao, X., Zhou, Q., & Yang, M. (2020). Open Reduction Effects of Digitally Treating Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures With Bio-Resorbable Materials. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 78(6), 986-995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2019.12.019
Zhou, X., Zhou, A., Tian, Z., Chen, W., Xu, Y., Ning, X., & Chen, K. (2023). A Responsive Nanorobot Modulates Intracellular Zinc Homeostasis to Amplify Mitochondria-Targeted Phototherapy. Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany), 19(45), e2302952. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202302952